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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKwisner.htm, Your email address will not be published. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 - October 29, 1965) was one of the founding officers of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and played a major role in CIA operations throughout the 1950s. Alumni include Frank Wisner, one of the CIA's founders, and US ambassador to the UN Edward Stettinius, Jr. Four months later he agreed to retire from the CIA. Wisner found one of his boys' shotguns and killed himself on October 29, 1965. It said that Frank had died and gave no reason, but I knew." The President's final handshake was with Alien Dulles. That beginning took place for him in Romania, simultaneously dealing with the results of the German war and with the coming reality of Soviet power. But the navy is watching a Soviet sub in the area; it could be there to evacuate some of Arbenz's friends, or to supply arms to any resisters.". Vibrant democratic parties, even socialist ones, were preferable to a Communist victory. While in Germany he served under Allen W. Dulles. "Incredible". A close friend, Avis Bohlen said he "was so depressed about how the world was going he felt we were losing the Cold War.". Admiral. After 1953 the network was overseen by Allen W. Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. [4], In 1941, six months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the United States Navy. Any reaction? We drank iced tea as we sat around a garden table in Dulles' back yard. Wisner leaked details of the speech to the New York Times who published it on 2nd June, 1956. . In addition, regardless of the principles being professed, when direct action was taken (whether clandestine or not), the interests of American business would be a consideration: if the flag was to follow, it would quite definitely follow trade. Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, was put in charge of what became known as Operation Ajax. This included former members of the Nazi Party such as Gustav Hilger and Hans von Bittenfield. Later that year Wisner established Operation Mockingbird, a program to influence the American media. In April 1962 Richard Helms recalled Wisner to Washington. Wisner's other great success was the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz. He could do that, because he was powerful. Carlos Castillo and his collection of soldiers now crossed the Honduran-Guatemalan border. Wisner was a genteel lawyer from Mississippi who grew bored with office life and joined the Navy. In the 1950s and early 1960s the CIA's top leaders - men like Allen Dulles, Frank Wisner, Richard Bissell, Tracy Barnes, and Desmond Fitzgerald - were profoundly devoted to covert action. He served in South Vietnam until 1969, when he returned to the State Department as officer in charge of Tunisian affairs. Later, John Loftus, a prosecutor with the Office of Special Investigations at the U.S. Justice Department, accused Wisner of methodically recruiting Nazi war criminals. Thus by overthrowing him, America was in effect making a new decision in the cold war. DR: In a sense, The Good Shepherd According to Alex Constantine (Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA), in the 1950s, "some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts". Nagy also released anti-communists from prison and talked about holding free elections and withdrawing Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. Wisner was also able to restrict newspapers from reporting about certain events. Wisner was born in New York on July 2, 1938. When the project collapsed, however, the Belarusians quickly settled in and obtained US citizenship and intelligence agencies protected them from exposure for decades. Four days later, after a day in which Mubarak allies took violent reprisal against democracy activists, Wisner spoke to a security conference in Europe and called it "crucial" that Mubarak stay on in the interest of "stability." Arbenz now believed he stood little chance of preventing Castillo gaining power. On June 18, 1948, the United States National Security Council approved NSC 10/2 which created the Office of Special Projects. Their published recommendations included: the establishment of law and order through the retraining of the Iraqi army, focusing on the distribution of humanitarian assistance and reestablishment of vital services, and the importance of avoiding the appointment of exiled Iraqi opposition leaders to dominant positions in the new government. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Wisner grew very fond of Philby and was unaware that he was a Soviet spy betraying all his operations to his masters in Moscow. [9], Immediately after the arrival of Major Robert Bishop (September 9, 1944) as head of X-2 (Counter Espionage) branch in Bucharest, Wisner started the search for German records. The President strode from the room. With the help of George Kennan, the Office of Special Projects was created in 1948. FrankWisner18791963Frank Wisnerin U.S. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) Frank Wisnerwas born on September 14 1879. In March 1953, 209,842 acres of United Fruit Company's uncultivated land was taken by the government which offered compensation of $525,000. The only thing theyre proving is the law of gravity, said one CIA officer. It would nominally report to a senior State Department official. However, the CIA Voice of Liberation successfully convinced Arbenz's supporters that two large and heavily armed columns of invaders were moving towards Guatemala City. Wisner began his intelligence career in the Office of Strategic Services in World War II. Wisner worked well with Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda and helped to rebuild bilateral relations between Zambia and the USA after a 1980 spy scandal at the U.S. embassy in Lusaka. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Frank Wisners new agency was called the Office of Policy Coordination, which should tell you an awful lot about its business. Hoover, claimed that Caradja was a Soviet agent. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Frank Wisner . Frank Wisner took over direct command of the everyday operations of the Indonesian project. Wisner added that he felt personally betrayed by this behaviour. Frank Wisner. The CIA also provided them with classified information to help them with their work. Now internal subversion communism from within - was an additional cause for direct action. During his absence Wisner's job was covered by his chief of operations, Richard Helms. "He realized that his life would be circumscribed by increasing cycles of depression. Allen W. Dulles therefore sent him to London to be CIA chief of station in England. Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. [2][7] He joined the State Department as a Foreign Service Officer in December 1961. Wisner began having trouble with J. Edgar Hoover. Allen W. Dulles therefore sent him to London to be CIA chief of station in England. On 18th June, 1954, aircraft dropped leaflets over Guatemala demanding that Arbenz resign immediately or else the county would be bombed. CIA's Voice of Liberation also put out similar radio broadcasts. On April 4, 1953, Wisner persuaded Allen W. Dulles to approve $1 million to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh." Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). Castillo now reversed the Arbenz reforms. Over the next few weeks thousands were arrested on suspicion of communist activity. He is the son of CIA official Frank Wisner (1909-1965). This included the claim that Guatemala was the beginning of "Soviet expansion in the Americas". The military now joined the opposition and Mossadegh was arrested on August 19, 1953. He had upset the US government by nationalizing Iran's oil industry. ", Later that year Wisner established Operation Mockingbird, a program to influence the American media. Date of death: 29 October 1965: Manner of death: suicide; Place of burial: Arlington National Cemetery (385229.114N 77414.088W, Section 6, grave 9395-C, 1965) Pseudonym: . [14], According to its secret charter, the OPC's responsibilities include "propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, antisabotage, demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. One of the most important journalists under the control of Operation Mockingbird was Joseph Alsop, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers. The man moved away. According to Deborah Davis (Katharine the Great): "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles.". Henry Cabot Lodge tried to block the Security Council from discussing a resolution to send an investigation team to Guatemala. Evan Thomas, the author of The Very Best Men: The Early Years of the CIA (1995), argues that Joseph Alsop and Stewart Alsop worked very closely with Winser. In Hungary the prime minister Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on political and economic reform. The agents whom he and Burke infiltrated into Romania, Poland, the Baltic states and East Germany all disappeared; most were probably killed. She moved to Lodi in 1934. In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. [20], In 1961, Wisner was ordered to organize CIA activities in British Guiana. After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street lawyer. Wisner was also deeply involved in establishing the Lockheed U-2 spy plane program run by Richard M. Bissell Jr.[1], Wisner suffered a serious breakdown in September 1958. After 1953 the network was overseen by Allen W. Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Frank Wisner died rather suddenly at age 29 years while still living in Tama County, Iowa. He is the son of Frank Wisner, Sr., a man very well known at the CIA, who was the operational chief to conduct at least three coups d'tat--Arbenz in Guatemala, Mossadeq . David Atlee Phillips was appointed to run the propaganda campaign against Arbenz's government. It was later discovered that one commander accepted $60,000 to surrender his troops. The CIA propaganda campaign included the distribution of 100,000 copies of a pamphlet entitled Chronology of Communism in Guatemala. From 1974 to 1975, he was Director of the Office of Plans and Management in the Bureau of Public Affairs and in late 1975 became Deputy Director of the President's Indo-China Task Force in the Department.[8]. The OPC had a staff of 10, so this wasnt likely to happen. Frank Wisner, Jr., had a more steady career in the State Department, was the ambassador in Egypt between 1986 and 1991. . This included former members of the Nazi Party such as Gustav Hilger and Hans von Bittenfield. Frank Wisner was married to Christine de Ganay, the stepmother of Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of France from 2007 until 2012. Perhaps he had made up his mind to kill himself. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. Members are only revealed after their death - a wreath of black magnolias shaped like '7' is laid at the gravesite. His work involved planning a coup in Guyana, a country that had a left-wing government. They were defiant and proud, but besieged. As a result the resolution was defeated by 5 votes to 4. In July 19, 1954, he created the National Committee of Defense Against Communism and decreed the Preventive Penal Law Against Communism to fight against those who supported Arbenz when he was in power. Feit Frank Visner aka Wisner or Vizner was born about 1857 in Cslav, Kutn Hora District, (Central Bohemian District), Bohemia, Austria. ", Wisner, who had been involved in creating this propaganda, told friends that he felt the American government had let Hungary down. He was Richard Nixon, the Vice President. Arbenz, on the other hand, had simply been trying to reform his country and had not sought foreign help in this. They plan for apocalyptic scenarios and continuity of government. The President's final handshake was with Alien Dulles. Wisner managed to get a copy of the speech that Nikita Khrushchev made at the 20th Party Congress in February, 1956, where Khrushchev launched an attack on the rule of Joseph Stalin. He committed suicide in 1965. Wisner Junior was well-known in the CIA and he worked as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and Under Secretary of . You've averted a Soviet beachhead in our hemisphere." The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. After the West German counterintelligence chief, Otto John, defected to the Soviet Union in 1954, Wisner fed Alsop a story that the West German spymaster had been kidnapped by the KGB. "The cable was from Des FitzGerald. Wisner's friends believed the illness was triggered by the failure of the Hungarian Uprising. William (Rip) Robertson was also involved in the campaign against Arbenz. Tracy Barnes was field commander of what became known as Operation Success. ", He didnt take it well. A month earlier word had spread through the agency that the New York Times was embarking on a first-ever investigation of the CIA. Toriello accused the United States government of categorizing "as communism every manifestation of nationalism or economic independence, any desire for social progress, any intellectual curiosity, and any interest in progressive liberal reforms.". Harrison E. Salisbury commented: "He (Wisner) was the key to a great many things, a brilliant, compulsive man, of enormous charm, imagination, and conviction that anything, anything could be achieved and that he could achieve it. [8] Twelve B-17 Flying Fortress planes flew out the prisoners in hourly shifts. Wisner was appointed director of the organization. He condemned the Great Purge and accused Stalin of abusing his power. The Guatemalan Foreign Minister, Guillermo Toriello, asked the United Nations for help against the covert activities of the United States. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. The questions from the unknown man next to me were very insistent, furtive. He was a good sprinter and hurdler and in 1936 was asked to compete in the Olympic trials. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. They were defiant and proud, but besieged. Wisner managed to get a copy of the speech that Nikita Khrushchev made at the 20th Party Congress in February, 1956, where Khrushchev launched an attack on the rule of Joseph Stalin. Khrushchev became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4th November 1956 he sent the Red Army into Hungary. "I got a cable in Kuala Lumpur, where I was stationed," said Arthur Jacobs, the "Ozzard of Wiz" who had been Wisner's aide in the early 1950s. Wisner left Bucharest in the last week of January 1945.[6]. The Guatemalan Foreign Minister, Guillermo Toriello, asked the United Nations for help against the covert activities of the United States. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 - October 29, 1965) was head of Office of Strategic Services operations in southeastern Europe in 1944-1945 at the end of World War II, and served as the second Deputy Director of Plans (DDP) in charge of the Directorate of Plans (DDP) of the Central Intelligence Agency from August 23, 1951 to September 1958. In March 1945, Wisner was transferred to Wiesbaden, Germany. Finally Brad (Colonel Albert Haney) rehearsed his speech. Others like Stewart Alsop, Joseph Alsop and James Reston, were recruited from within the Georgetown Set. Wisner was placed in charge of this new branch, and was beginning to find some real successes. While in Bucharest he became friendly with King Michael of Romania. After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street lawyer. This resulted in the religious community turning against Mossadegh. Nagy also released anti-communists from prison and talked about holding free elections and withdrawing Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. He wanted to start yet another secret agencythis one accountable to virtually no one. He talked about his children. Wisner was transferred to the OSS station in Wiesbaden. Probably the most powerful of the Georgetown insiders was Frank Wisner, chief of covert operations for the C.I.A., and one of the most zealous of the anti-Communist crusaders who turned the agency . Jake Esterline was placed in charge of the CIA's Washington task force in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala. "Instead of a dirge, it was exuberant, powerful, exultant," recalled Tom Braden. As soon as the war ended Truman ordered the OSS to be closed down leaving a small intelligence organization, the Strategic Services Unit (SSU) in the War Department. During this period Wisner worked closely with Kim Philby, the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) liaison in Washington. Iranians took to the streets against Mohammed Mossadegh. Frank George Wisner II (born July 2, 1938) is an American businessman and former diplomat who had served as acting United States Secretary of State for a few hours following the resignation of the previous acting United States Secretary of State Arnold Kanter at noon on January 20, 1993 until the confirmation by the United States Senate and "He realized that his life would be circumscribed by increasing cycles of depression. After leaving the OSS Wisner joined the Wall Street law firm, Carter Ledyard. Let's run over your presentations." Mossadegh also abolished Iran's feudal agriculture sector and replaced with a system of collective farming and government land ownership. Wisner was educated at the University of Virginia, where he received both a B.A. Another project started by Wisner was called Operation Bloodstone. Frank Wisner, the father of American covert operations, was both. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. Castillo now reversed the Arbenz reforms. William (Rip) Robertson was also involved in the campaign against Arbenz. Wisner committed suicide. He whispered a number of questions: "Who is that? You've averted a Soviet beachhead in our hemisphere." A month earlier word had spread through the agency that the New York Times was embarking on a first-ever investigation of the CIA. degree. A decision was reached to create an organization within the CIA to conduct secret political operations. Wisners office would be attached to the CIA only on paper, and strictly for funding and quarters. The UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold was so upset by the actions of the USA that he considered resigning from his post. He was prescribed psychoanalysis and shock therapy (electroconvulsive treatment). I was vaguely uncomfortable. Toriello accused the United States government of categorizing "as communism every manifestation of nationalism or economic independence, any desire for social progress, any intellectual curiosity, and any interest in progressive liberal reforms.". According to Nina Burleigh (A Very Private Woman) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by Frank Wisner. He talked about his children. and a LL.B. Frank Wisner was constantly looked for ways to help convince the public of the dangers of communism. Most men brought their wives to these gatherings. All results for Frank Wisner. He lived in Romania with a beautiful Russian spy. He described the OPC as "Wisner's gang of weirdos" and began carrying out investigations into their past. In early 2011, the Obama administration asked Wisner to carry views to Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak, including advice that Mubarak should resign to defuse the crisis. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Internationalist, abrasive, competitive, these men had an unshakeable belief in their value system, and in their duty to offer it to others. The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. CIA, "Letter of . A decision was reached to create an organization within the CIA to conduct secret political operations. Afterward, he obviously wasnt equipped to go back to the Directorate of Plans, so he was made the station chief in London. After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street lawyer. In April 1962 Richard Helms recalled Wisner to Washington. The agency hired Bissell to reflect the new CIA. Guillermo Toriello appealed to the United Nations to help protect Guatemalan government. Arbenz, on the other hand, had simply been trying to reform his country and had not sought foreign help in this. Frank Gardiner Wisner (June 23, 1909 October 29, 1965) was one of the founding officers of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and played a major role in CIA operations throughout the 1950s. The CIA was feeling particularly embattled that October. This report examines the information and intelligence resources available to and relied upon by policymakers during the Rwanda crisis. In all, some 1,700 American POWs were transported. Husband of Mary (Polly) Knowles a dedicated arts philanthropist and legendary Washington hostess. During this period Wisner worked closely with Kim Philby, the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) liaison in Washington. Contents This was followed by a week of bombing ports, ammunition dumps, military barracks and the international airport. Eisenhower spoke to his Chief of Naval Operations "Watch that sub. Wisner was disappointed by the US government's reaction to this news and he was forced to advise the Romanian royal family to go into exile. President Dwight Eisenhower was delighted with this result and asked Wisner to arrange for Kermit Roosevelt to give him a personal briefing on Operation Ajax. Let's run over your presentations." With so many talented officers working in covert action, and with most of the foreigners involved being friendly collaborators and not "recruited" assets, the do could scarcely base promotions on the number of recruitments a case officer made each year. Faked photographs were distributed that claimed to show the mutilated bodies of opponents of Arbenz. The company wanted $16 million for the land. All rights reserved. As a result the resolution was defeated by 5 votes to 4. No senior gure of the time at CIA ever had anything to do with that organization. Vibrant democratic parties, even socialist ones, were preferable to a Communist victory. Legal Statement. Hector and I smiled at each other as Brad flushed with pleasure. ", General Ridgeway answered. With the help of Romanian Intelligence, they manage to obtain tons of records, including SD files, 200 rolls of German film and a large amount of Russian information. : the individuals concerned have for . This secret operation involved recruiting former German officers and diplomats who could be used in the covert war against the Soviet Union. Worse yet, the few offices still around with any sort of proficiency in covert action were just too accountable. Through think-tanks to foundations, directorates to membership of gentlemen's clubs, these mandarins were interlocked by their institutional affiliations and by a shared belief in their own superiority.". Frank Wisner was brilliant, tortured, and a founder of American intelligence. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. He condemned the Great Purge and accused Stalin of abusing his power. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. Arbenz began to tackle Guatemala's unequal land distribution. Five thousand refugees volunteered to be part of a post-nuclear guerrilla force, which was just what it sounds likeFallout: New Stalingrad. It had also given America resources and experience (concentrated in private hands) with the world outside the Americas, used effectively by the OSS during World War II American government, however, had stayed in America, lending its influence to business but never trying to overthrow other governments for commercial purposes. [6][7], Wisner arrived just as Romania joined the Allies and declared war on the Axis. Ernesto Guevara attempted to organize some civil militias but senior army officers blocked the distribution of weapons. Britain and France were both initially in favour but eventually buckled under United States pressure and agreed to abstain. The nature of Arbenz's government, however, meant that Operation Success launched both the CIA and the United States on a new path. February 1, 2011. After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street lawyer. View. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. A large number of these prisoners were tortured or killed. Frank Wisner killed himself with one of his son's shotguns on 29th October, 1965. The military now joined the opposition and Mossadegh was arrested on August 19, 1953. He retired in 1963, and committed suicide with a shotgun in 1965. According to Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in this CIA plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, 1953, Iranian CIA operatives, pretending to be socialists, threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent.